JOHN SMEATON FRS (8 June 1724 – 28 October 1792) was an English Civil Engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbors and lighthouse. He was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the father of civil engineering. He pioneered the use of hydraulic lime in concert, using pebbles and powdered bricks as aggregate. Smeaton was associated with the Lunar Society. Smeaton was born in born in Authored, Leeds, England. After studying at Leeds Grammar School he joined his father's law firm but left to become a mathematical instrument maker (working with Henry Hindley), developing, among other instruments, a pyrometer to study material expansion. In 1750, his premises were in the Great turnstile in Holborn. He was selected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1753 and in 1759 won the Copley Medal for his research into the mechanics of waterwheels and windmills. His 1759 paper "An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to Turn Mills and Other Machines Depending on Circular Motion addressed the relationship between pressures and velocity for objects moving in air.
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